PharmD Fourth Year Notes

Unit I: Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Unit II: Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and drug-induced liver disorders.

Unit III: Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of anemias, venous thromboembolism, and drug-induced blood disorders.

Unit IV: Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of epilepsy, parkinsonism, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease.

Unit V: Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia, affective disorders, and anxiety disorders.

Unit VI: Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of sleep disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Unit VII: Pain management including pain pathways, neuralgias, and headaches.

Unit VIII: Principles and application of evidence-based medicine.

Unit I: Organization and functions of hospitals and hospital pharmacies, including staffing, infrastructure, workload management, materials and finance, and the roles of hospital pharmacists.

Unit II: Budget preparation and implementation, hospital drug policy, functions of PTC and other hospital committees, development of therapeutic guidelines, and pharmacy communication tools.

Unit III: Procurement and warehousing of pharmaceuticals, and principles and methods of inventory control including ABC, VED, EOQ, lead time, and safety stock.

Unit IV: Drug distribution systems in hospitals including individual prescription, floor stock, and unit dose methods.

Unit V: Procedures for distribution of narcotics and controlled substances, and the pharmacist’s role in central sterile supply services.

Unit VI: Manufacture of sterile and non-sterile pharmaceutical preparations including parenterals, ointments, liquids, creams, tablets, granules, capsules, powders, and total parenteral nutrition.

Unit VII: Continuing professional development programs, education and training, and handling and packaging of radiopharmaceuticals.

Unit VIII: Professional relations and practice standards for hospital pharmacists.

Unit I: Scope, development, and daily activities of clinical pharmacy, including drug therapy monitoring, ward rounds, ADR management, drug/poison information, counseling, DUE/DUR, and quality assurance.

Unit II: Structure, evaluation, and application of patient case history, plus interpretation of medical abbreviations and clinical terminology.

Unit III: Interpretation and clinical application of hematological, liver, renal, thyroid, cardiac, electrolyte, microbiological, and pulmonary function tests.

Unit IV: Systematic approach to drug and poison information, critical literature evaluation, resource use, and preparation of written and verbal reports.

Unit V: Pharmacovigilance fundamentals, ADR classification/mechanisms, causality assessment, reporting, prevention, and pharmacist’s role in ADR management.

Unit VI: Communication skills for patient counseling, medication history interviews, and clinical case presentations.

Unit VII: Concepts of pharmaceutical care and critical evaluation of biomedical literature.

Unit VIII: Causes, types, prevention, and management of medication errors.

Unit 1 – Research Methodology: Principles of designing clinical studies, determining sample size, and presenting research data effectively.

Unit 2 – Biostatistics Fundamentals: Understanding data distribution, central tendency, and data variability for research analysis.

Unit 3 – Data Graphics & Hypothesis Testing Basics: Visualizing data and applying foundational statistical concepts like p-values and confidence intervals.

Unit 4 – Significance Testing: Applying parametric and non-parametric tests to evaluate statistical hypotheses.

Unit 5 – Regression & Correlation: Measuring and interpreting relationships between variables using Pearson’s and Spearman’s methods.

Unit 6 – Statistical Tools & Epidemiology: Using software (SPSS, Epi Info, SAS) and statistical methods to assess disease occurrence and risk.

Unit 7 – Hospital Pharmacy Computing: Utilizing computer systems for patient records, medication orders, inventory, and statistical reporting.

Unit 8 – Community Pharmacy & Drug Information Systems: Implementing computerized dispensing, pharmaceutical care, and literature retrieval in community settings.

Unit 1 – Biopharmaceutics: Study of drug absorption from the GIT, distribution within the body, and elimination processes.

Unit 2 – Pharmacokinetics: Introduction to pharmacokinetics covering mathematical models, blood drug levels, compartment models, and pharmacokinetic study design.

Unit 3 – One Compartment Open Model: Kinetics of drugs in a single compartment after intravenous bolus and intravenous infusion.

Unit 4 – Multiple Compartment Models: Two-compartment open model kinetics for IV bolus, IV infusion, and oral administration.

Unit 5 – Multiple Dosage Regimens: Dose calculations and kinetics for repetitive IV injections, extravascular dosing, and two-compartment multiple dosing.

Unit 6 – Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics: Principles, causes of non-linearity, and Michaelis–Menten approach for parameter estimation.

Unit 7 – Non-Compartmental Pharmacokinetics: Statistical moment theory, mean residence time (MRT) for compartments, and physiological PK models.

Unit 8 – Bioavailability and Bioequivalence: Concepts, study protocols, and assessment methods for evaluating drug bioavailability and equivalence.

Unit 1 – Poisoning Principles: Core principles of poisoning management, antidotes, and their clinical applications.

Unit 2 – Supportive & Decontamination Care: Supportive care measures in clinical toxicology and gut decontamination techniques.

Unit 3 – Elimination & Toxicokinetics: Methods of enhancing elimination and fundamentals of toxicokinetics.

Unit 4 – Acute Poisoning Management: Clinical features and treatment of acute poisoning from pesticides, opioids, antidepressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohols, paracetamol, salicylates, NSAIDs, hydrocarbons, caustics, and radiation.

Unit 5 – Chronic Heavy Metal Poisoning: Clinical signs and management of chronic poisoning from arsenic, lead, mercury, iron, and copper.

Unit 6 – Envenomation & Natural Toxins: Snake bites, plant and mushroom toxins, food poisoning, and arthropod envenomation—clinical effects, first aid, and management.

Unit 7 – Substance Abuse: Signs, symptoms, and treatment of dependence from CNS stimulants, opioids, depressants, hallucinogens, cannabis, and tobacco.