PharmD Second Year Notes

Unit I – Cell injury & adaptation, necrosis, apoptosis, lipid & glycogen storage disorders.

Unit II – Acute & chronic inflammation, chemical mediators, wound healing factors.

Unit III – Immunity basics, hypersensitivity, allergy, autoimmunity, transplantation, AIDS, amyloidosis.

Unit IV – Cancer biology, benign vs malignant, histology, metastasis, tumor classification & etiology.

Unit V – Shock types & stages, biological effects of radiation.

Unit VI – Environmental & nutritional diseases, air pollution, smoking, malnutrition, vitamins, obesity, starvation.

Unit VII – Pathophysiology of CNS, cardiovascular, metabolic, GI, hepatic, renal & respiratory disorders.

Unit VIII – Infectious diseases: STDs, UTIs, pneumonia, typhoid, TB, leprosy, malaria, dysentery, hepatitis.

Unit I: Introduction to microbiology, microbial classification, and study of bacteria, fungi, viruses, rickettsiae, and spirochetes.

Unit II: Nutritional needs, growth, and cultivation of bacteria and viruses, including aerobic/anaerobic media, enriched, selective, and differential media, and culture maintenance.

Unit III: Isolation and identification of bacteria using staining, biochemical tests, and bacterial counting methods (total and viable).

Unit IV: Sterilization methods, their pros and cons, sterilization of pharmaceutical products, sterility testing, and basics of validation.

Unit V: Disinfectants, antiseptics, fungicidal and virucidal agents, their action mechanisms, influencing factors, and evaluation of antimicrobial and preservative activity.

Unit VI: Immunology—types of immunity, antigens, antibodies, antigen–antibody reactions, bacterial toxins, toxoids, immunization schedules, and booster dose importance.

Unit VII: Diagnostic tests (Schick’s, ELISA, Western/Southern blot, PCR, Widal, QBC, Mantoux, peripheral smear), malaria parasite study, culture sensitivity testing, and microbiological assay principles.

Unit VIII: Microbiological assays of penicillin, streptomycin, vitamin B₂, and B₁₂, vaccine and sera standardization, and study of major infectious diseases (typhoid, TB, malaria, cholera, hepatitis, meningitis, syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV).

Unit I – Introduction, definition, history, and scope of Pharmacognosy.

Unit II – Classification of crude drugs.

Unit III – Cultivation, collection, processing, and storage of crude drugs.

Unit IV – Detailed methods of crude drug cultivation.

Unit V – Study of cell wall constituents, cell inclusions, and crude drug microscopy.

Unit VI – Study of natural pesticides and detailed cell constituents.

Unit VII – Carbohydrates and related drugs, lipid extraction and analysis, and study of oils.

Unit VIII – Proteins, plant fibers in surgical dressings, and crude drug adulteration methods.

Unit I – Basics of pharmacology, drug administration routes, and pharmacokinetics.

Unit II – Pharmacodynamics, factors modifying drug effects, toxicity, pre-clinical evaluation, and drug interactions.

Unit III – ANS drugs: adrenergic, cholinergic, neuromuscular blockers, ocular drugs, Parkinsonism, and myasthenia gravis treatments.

Unit IV – Cardiovascular drugs: antihypertensives, anti-anginals, anti-arrhythmics, CHF therapy, and antihyperlipidemics.

Unit V – CNS drugs: anesthetics, sedatives, anticonvulsants, analgesics, psychotropics, alcohol, stimulants, cognition enhancers, and local anesthetics.

Unit VI – Respiratory drugs: bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, antitussives, and nasal decongestants.

Unit VII – Hormones and antagonists: thyroid drugs, insulin and antidiabetics, sex hormones, oxytocin, and uterine drugs.

Unit VIII – Autocoids: histamine drugs, serotonin drugs, lipid mediators, and platelet activating factor antagonists.

Unit I: Definition, scope, and roles of a community pharmacist.

Unit II: Community pharmacy management, legal requirements, computer use, and inventory control methods.

Unit III: Prescription components, legality, medication-related problems, and pharmaceutical care principles.

Unit IV: Patient counseling stages, barriers, strategies, information leaflets, and improving medication adherence.

Unit V: Health screening methods, OTC medications, and pharmacist-led counseling.

Unit VI: Health education, communicable diseases, nutrition, deficiency disorders, and family planning.

Unit VII: Symptom management for minor ailments with relevant therapy.

Unit VIII: Essential drugs concept, rational drug use, and code of ethics for pharmacists.

Unit I: Pharmacotherapy of hypertension, CHF, angina, and myocardial infarction.

Unit II: Hyperlipidaemia management and cardiac arrhythmia pharmacology.

Unit III: Pulmonary tests, asthma, COPD, and drug-induced lung diseases.

Unit IV: Management of diabetes and thyroid disorders.

Unit V: Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and osteoporosis care.

Unit VI: Prescribing guidelines for paediatrics, geriatrics, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.

Unit VII: Treatment of glaucoma and conjunctivitis.

Unit VIII: Rational drug use, essential medicines, and rational formulations.